The use and influence of science | National Library of Australia (NLA)

The use and influence of science

About this module

This resource combines rich historical sources with oral histories of four Australian scientists, revealing their discoveries, inspirations and personal challenges. It invites students to think critically about the people behind scientific breakthroughs—their responsibilities, evolving goals and the human story that shapes science.

Copyright for teachers

You can download all collection materials in this resource for education purposes. For more information, go to copyright for teachers.

Topics in this module

This module has one topic.

painting of Australian bush landscape

Von Guerard, Eugene, 1811-1901. Eugene Guerard's Australian landscapes. (1867). Source of the Wannon [picture] / Eug. v. Guérard. nla.gov.au/nla.obj-135740687

Timeline of Australian innovations

Topic

Australians have a talent for ingenuity and creative thinking. From ancient times, Australians have used the materials around them to develop unique and practical tools to help them live and prosper.

Digital Classroom

Oral histories

This module has 4 oral history recordings from prominent Australian scientists from different times, backgrounds and specialty areas.

black and white photograph of Sir Howard Florey

Australian News and Information Bureau. [Portrait of Howard Florey] [picture] / [Australian News and Information Bureau]. nla.gov.au/nla.obj-136743351

Oral history: Sir Howard Florey

Topic

Sir Howard Florey was an Australian medical scientist.

Digital Classroom
photograph of Nancy Millis

McDonald, Damian, 1971-. (1999). Portrait of Nancy Millis [picture] / Damian McDonald. nla.gov.au/nla.obj-144499251

Oral history: Emeritus Professor Nancy Millis

Topic

Professor Nancy Millis was an Australian microbiologist who worked and studied microbial growth and the fermentation process.

Digital Classroom
black and white photograph of a man lecturing at a lecturn

Mulligan, J. A. (John Aloysius), 1927-1996. (1970). Sir Mark Oliphant lecturing at the University of Sydney, 1 September 1970 [1] [picture] / John Mulligan. nla.gov.au/nla.obj-145323842

Oral history: Sir Mark Oliphant

Topic

Sir Mark Oliphant was an Australian physicist who is known for his work in nuclear physics and radar, and, later, for becoming governor of South Australia.

Digital Classroom
black and white photograph of Sir Howard Florey

Australian News and Information Bureau. [Portrait of Howard Florey] [picture] / [Australian News and Information Bureau]. nla.gov.au/nla.obj-136743351

Oral history: Sir Howard Florey

Topic

Sir Howard Florey was an Australian medical scientist.

Digital Classroom

Introductory activities

These activities help students:

  • Activate prior knowledge
  • Think critically about scientific breakthroughs
  • Understand key concepts and terms
  • Place Australian science in a global context

Students will explore what drives discovery, how society influences science, and the responsibilities tied to innovation. They’ll also hear directly from Australian scientists via primary source recordings.

Activity 1: Tower Challenge

This activity encourages lateral thinking, creativity, and teamwork, using limited resources to solve an old problem in new ways.

  1. Divide students into small groups.
  2. Provide each group with a deck of cards, rubber bands, small paper clips and pencils
  3. Challenge them to build the tallest card tower that can support the greatest weight
  4. Optional Challenges: Tallest tower, Strongest tower, Tower using the fewest cards.

Refelect to the task buy asking students:

  • What makes a good invention?
  • How do you build on existing ideas?
  • What limits scientific progress?

Activity 2: Class Discussion (Background Concepts)

This activity builds comprehension and language skills, and highlights that all different understandings of the same concept.

Ask students to define these key terms:

  • science
  • endeavour
  • breakthrough
  • enlightened thinking
  • lateral thinking.

Discuss

  • What are some of the greatest innovations in human history? How do you define ‘great’?
  • “Humans have an innate desire to improve and control their surroundings”—do you agree?
  • What do you think is meant by enlightened thinking?

Concluding activity

Our Oral History and Folklore Collection contains over 45,000 hours of interviews with key Australian figures including scientists, politicians, historians.

Activity 3: A lived experience

This activity builds confidence, public speaking skills, and highlights that all personal experiences are part of our shared history.

In pairs, get students to create short audio recordings of personal stories (for example: a discovery, holiday, or memory).

  1. Write 4–5 open-ended questions
  2. Discuss closed vs open questions (for example, “Tell me more about…” / “How did you…?”)
  3. Record audio only (not video), including:
    • Names, date, location
    • A short content disclaimer
  4. Limit to 5 minutes per student
  5. Save recordings (email, class folder, etc.)

As a class, discuss: 

  • Was it stressful to recall details?
  • How did it feel to be recorded?
  • Do you think it captured you accurately?
  • How might we record history in the future?

Glossary

This glossary includes words highlighted throughout the module. Unless otherwise indicated, definitions and glossary entries come from the Maquarie Dictionary.

Definitions have been selected for best fit to context; some entries have multiple meanings in different applications.

Aerodynamic

  1. of or relating to aerodynamics
  2. able to travel through the air; designed for air travel
  3. of or relating to a shape that reduces drag, as of an aeroplane or sports car: an aerodynamic spoiler

Archaeological

(From Archaeology) the systematic study of any culture, especially a prehistoric one, by excavation and description of its remains

Bow drill

See Bow Drill with Annotations, Wikimedia Commons

Cochlear implant

an artificial hearing device which produces hearing sounds by stimulating inner-ear nerves by means of a pad of electrodes implanted into the cochlea; designed to restore some hearing ability to those with severe damage to the inner-ear nerves

CSIRO

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the largest scientific research organisation in Australia. Although active in a wide field of scientific research, its main responsibility has been to support Australian primary and secondary industry, rather than engage in pure research.

Cyclical

of or relating to a cycle or cycles; revolving or recurring in cycles; characterised by recurrence in cycles

Collate

to compare (texts, statements, etc.) in order to note points of agreement or disagreement

Correlation

mutual relation of two or more things, parts, etc.

Deficiencies

(from deficiency)

  1. the state or fact of being deficient; lack; incompleteness; insufficiency
  2. the amount lacked; a deficit

Ether

a highly volatile and flammable colourless liquid, diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on alcohol, and used as a solvent and anaesthetic

Game

wild animals, including birds and fishes, hunted for sport or profit

Germinate

to sprout; put forth shoots

Ingenuity

the quality of being ingenious; inventive talent.

Innate

  1. inborn; existing or as if existing in one from birth: innate modesty
  2. inherent in the essential character of something

Innovative

new and original

Kinetic Energy

the energy which a body possesses by virtue of its motion; the energy which any system possesses by virtue of the motion of its components

Leverage

the mechanical advantage or power gained by using a lever

Maim

to deprive the use of some bodily part, mutilate; cripple

Mosaic

a pattern composed of diverse elements combined together

Mutton

the flesh of well gown sheep, as distinguished from lamb

Patented

acquired a government grant conferring exclusive rights to make, use and sell an invention or discovery

Polymer

a material made of long, repeating chains of molecules; often used to describe plastics (which are synthetic polymers)

Definition from Live Science: What Is a Polymer? https://www.livescience.com/60682-polymers.html

Prototype

the original or model on which anything is formed

Rotary

turning around on an axis; having a part or parts that rotate

Spoil

to become spoiled, bad, or unfit for use, as food or other perishable substances; become tainted or putrid

Suburbia

the suburbs collectively; the characteristic life of people in suburbs

Tuber

a fleshy, usually oblong or rounded thickening or outgrowth (as the potato) of a subterranean stem or shoot

Type Metal

an alloy for making printing types, consisting chiefly of lead and antimony, and sometimes small quantities of tin, copper, etc.

Virologist

a person who studies or deals with virology, the branch of medical science that deals with viruses and the diseases caused by them

Curriculum links

This resource is aligned to the Australian Curriculum: Science for Year 9 students.

Biological sciences

  • Ecosystems consist of communities of interdependent organisms and abiotic components of the environment; matter and energy flow through these systems (ACSSU176)

Chemical sciences

  • All matter is made of atoms that are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons; natural radioactivity arises from the decay of nuclei in atoms (ACSSU177)
  • Chemical reactions involve rearranging atoms to form new substances; during a chemical reaction mass is not created or destroyed (ACSSU178)

Nature and development of science

  • Scientific understanding, including models and theories, is contestable and is refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community (ACSHE157)
  • Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in technology and technological advances are often linked to scientific discoveries (ACSHE158)

Use and influence of science

  • People use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they accept claims, explanations or predictions, and advances in science can affect people’s lives, including generating new career opportunities (ACSHE160)
  • Values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research (ACSHE228)

Questioning and predicting

  • Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically (ACSIS164)

Planning and conducting

  • Plan, select and use appropriate investigation types, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues associated with these methods (ACSIS165)
  • Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to collect and record data systematically and accurately (ACSIS166)

Processing and analysing data and information

  • Analyse patterns and trends in data, including describing relationships between variables and identifying inconsistencies (ACSIS169)
  • Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence (ACSIS170)

Evaluating

  • Evaluate conclusions, including identifying sources of uncertainty and possible alternative explanations, and describe specific ways to improve the quality of the data (ACSIS171)
  • Critically analyse the validity of information in primary and secondary sources and evaluate the approaches used to solve problems (ACSIS172)

Communicating

  • Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including constructing evidence-based arguments and using appropriate scientific language, conventions and representations (ACSIS174)
Page published: 11 Jul 2022

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